Nov 22, 2024 · In 2025, war-related spending will increase significantly. The largest rise in expenditure is planned in the “national defence” section, reaching 13.2 trillion roubles (approximately $132 billion), compared to 10.8 trillion roubles allocated for this purpose in the 2024 budget (a 22.2% increase).This sum is also more than 55% higher than the planned spending on this category in 2023.

Jan 2, 2025 · On 30 December 2024, a court in Minsk sentenced Father Henryk Okolotowicz to 11 years in a high-security penal colony. The trial was held behind closed doors; information about the verdict reached the media through unofficial channels. At present, we only know that the priest was arrested in November 2023 and charged with ‘state treason’. During the investigation, he steadfastly denied the ...

Mar 8, 2024 · On 12 March 1999, after years of active diplomatic lobbying, Poland joined the ranks of NATO, the transatlantic club renowned for its unique collective defence guarantees. This process yielded success relatively quickly, even though the outcome was not a foregone conclusion, given the variety of internal and external challenges that Poland faced at that time.

Dec 30, 2024 · ul. Koszykowa 6a, 00-564 Warszawa, tel.: (+48) 22 525 80 00, fax: (+48) 22 525 80 40 email: info@osw.waw.pl

ul. Koszykowa 6a, 00-564 Warszawa, tel.: (+48) 22 525 80 00, fax: (+48) 22 525 80 40 email: info@osw.waw.pl

OS W REPOR T 10/2024 5 MAIN POINTS • Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 is not an escalation of a local conflict over limited territory. It is an armed aggression aimed at subjugating or destroying an important European state, and simultane-

Mar 1, 2024 · Despite the war and the sanctions, over the last two years the size of Russia’s agri-food exports has continuously risen, although the pace of this increase has now slowed down. In 2023, the value of supplies delivered to foreign markets stood at around $43.5 bn, which accounted for around 10% of the Russian Federation’s (RF) total export revenues.

Nov 27, 2024 · The Kurdish question – a term used to define the conflicting aspirations of the Turkish government and a segment of the country’s population – affects all aspects of the state’s operation. It remains inextricably linked to the country’s security, since Turkey has been entangled for more than four decades in an armed conflict with the …

Dec 20, 2024 · A wave of protests has been sweeping across Serbia for over a month. The protests were triggered by a roof collapse at the Novi Sad railway station on 1 November, which resulted in 15 fatalities. Initially, these were local demonstrations, but they have since spread to nearly all major cities. Protesters are participating in decentralised acts of civil disobedience, including blockades of ...

May 8, 2024 · During its party congress in Berlin on 7 May, the CDU adopted its new basic platform (Grundsatzprogramm), which supersedes the 2007 document. It sets the party’s main policy lines for the next several years (see Appendix). On the preceding day, the CDU’s leader Friedrich Merz was re-elected for another term with 89% of the delegates’ votes. Carsten Linnemann was re-elected the party’s ...