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Interplanetary scintillation (IPS) refers to random fluctuations in radio intensity of distant small-diameter celestial object, over time periods of the order of 1 s. The scattering and scintillation ...
A directional change upwards (second vector pointing higher than the first one) will result in a positive theta (e.g., 0.1464 for a 45° upward angle between vectors), a directional change downward in ...