Deep beneath California's Sierra Nevada mountains, geologists have found evidence of Earth's rigid outer layer sinking into ...

The processes that form continental crust from the denser basaltic rocks of the upper mantle may make the lower lithosphere ...

Plate tectonics give Earth its mountains, earthquakes, continental drift and maybe even helped give rise to life itself. But ...

One discovery that ought to be on everyone's rundown is plate tectonics - the description of how the rigid outer shell of our planet (its lithosphere) moves and is recycled. The theory celebrates ...

Aa Aa Aa Biogeochemical cycles describe pathways by which chemical elements move through both biotic (the biosphere) and abiotic compartments (the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere ...