The ability to recognize predator cues is essential for the initiation of antipredator behavior. This can be innate, for example, animals can identify predators as a threat even if they have never ...

Abstract: Herbivores must balance energy needs with avoiding risks, using various cues to assess predation risk ... 2005. The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species: a review of field and ...

Since nonlethal predator effects occur when prey detect ... These organisms detect one another using chemical cues, and the sensory abilities of both are reduced in faster, more turbulent flows.