while the superior vena cava returns the blood above the diaphragm to the heart. Conditions involving the IVC usually involve an obstruction (blockage) and may be referred to as inferior vena cava ...

Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) is caused by obstruction of hepatic venous outflow at any level from the small hepatic veins to the junction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with the right atrium ...

Furthermore, the particularly excellent exposure of the retroperitoneal region from the diaphragm down that ... or when there is invasion of the inferior vena cava by tumor thrombi, their removal ...

Progressive gastric expansion, associated with vascular stasis in the stomach, compresses the adjacent structures, including the spleen, liver, diaphragm, portal vein and inferior vena cava.

Scimitar syndrome is a rare association of congenital cardiopulmonary anomalies consisting of a partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection of the right lung to the inferior vena cava ...